Circadian cycle-dependent EEG biomarkers of pathogenicity in adult mice following prenatal exposure to in utero inflammation.

Intrauterine infection or inflammation in preterm neonates is a known risk for adverse neurological outcomes, including cognitive, motor and behavioral disabilities. Our previous data suggest that there is acute fetal brain inflammation in a mouse model of intrauterine exposure to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We hypothesized that the in utero inflammation induced by LPS produces long-term electroencephalogram (EEG) biomarkers of neurodegeneration in the exposed mice that could be determined by using continuous quantitative video/EEG/electromyogram (EMG) analyses. A single LPS injection at E17 was performed in pregnant CD1 dams. Control dams were injected with same volumes of saline (LPS n=10, Control n=8). At postnatal age of P90-100, 24-h synchronous video/EEG/EMG recordings were done using a tethered recording system and implanted subdural electrodes. Behavioral state scoring was performed blind to treatment group, on each 10s EEG epoch using synchronous video, EMG and EEG trace signatures to generate individual hypnograms. Automated EEG power spectrums were analyzed for delta and theta-beta power ratios during wake vs. sleep cycles. Both control and LPS hypnograms showed an ultradian wake/sleep cycling. Since rodents are nocturnal animals, control mice showed the expected diurnal variation with significantly longer time spent in wake states during the dark cycle phase. In contrast, the LPS-treated mice lost this circadian rhythm. Sleep microstructure also showed significant alteration in the LPS mice specifically during the dark cycle, caused by significantly longer average non-rapid eye movement (NREM) cycle durations. No significance was found between treatment groups for the delta power data; however, significant activity-dependent changes in theta-beta power ratios seen in controls were absent in the LPS-exposed mice. In conclusion, exposure to in utero inflammation in CD1 mice resulted in significantly altered sleep architecture as adults that were circadian cycle and activity state dependent.

[Role of phosphorylation of myosin and actin-binding proteins in endothelial permeability induced by thrombin]. / Rol' fosforilirovania miozina na aktinsviazyvaiushchikh belkov v indutsirovannoi trombinom pronitsaemosti éndoteliia.

The thrombin-induced dysfunction of the barrier function of the blood vessel endothelium, which manifests itself in increased permeability, is largely mediated via the initiation of specific receptors that trigger multiple signaling cascades, including the activation of some protein kinases and the phosphorylation of their cytoskeletal targets. The role of the phosphorylation of myosin and actin-binding proteins in the thrombin-induced permeability of the endothelium and possible mechanisms of the regulation of the endothelium barrier function are discussed.

Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activity in endothelial cell cytoskeleton rearrangement.

To examine signaling mechanisms relevant to cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent endothelial cell barrier regulation, we investigated the impact of the cAMP/PKA inhibitors Rp diastereomer of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS) and PKA inhibitor (PKI) on bovine pulmonary artery and bovine lung microvascular endothelial cell cytoskeleton reorganization. Rp-cAMPS as well as PKI significantly increased the formation of actin stress fibers and intercellular gaps but did not alter myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, suggesting that the Rp-cAMPS-induced contractile phenotype evolves in an MLC-independent fashion. We next examined the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in Rp-cAMPS- and PKI-induced actin rearrangement. The activities of both ERK1/2 and its upstream activator Raf-1 were transiently enhanced by Rp-cAMPS and linked to the phosphorylation of the well-known ERK cytoskeletal target caldesmon. Inhibition of the Raf-1 target ERK kinase (MEK) either attenuated or abolished Rp-cAMPS- and PKI-induced ERK activation, caldesmon phosphorylation, and stress fiber formation. In summary, our data elucidate the involvement of the p42/44 ERK pathway in cytoskeletal rearrangement evoked by reductions in PKA activity and suggest the involvement of significant cross talk between cAMP- and ERK-dependent signaling pathways in endothelial cell cytoskeletal organization and barrier regulation.

Regulation of endothelial cell barrier function by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

Thrombin-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction is tightly linked to Ca(2+)-dependent cytoskeletal protein reorganization. In this study, we found that thrombin increased Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) activities in a Ca(2+)- and time-dependent manner in bovine pulmonary endothelium with maximal activity at 5 min. Pretreatment with KN-93, a specific CaM kinase II inhibitor, attenuated both thrombin-induced increases in monolayer permeability to albumin and decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). We next explored potential thrombin-induced CaM kinase II cytoskeletal targets and found that thrombin causes translocation and significant phosphorylation of nonmuscle filamin (ABP-280), which was attenuated by KN-93, whereas thrombin-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation was unaffected. Furthermore, a cell-permeable N-myristoylated synthetic filamin peptide (containing the COOH-terminal CaM kinase II phosphorylation site) attenuated both thrombin-induced filamin phosphorylation and decreases in TER. Together, these studies indicate that CaM kinase II activation and filamin phosphorylation may participate in thrombin-induced cytoskeletal reorganization and endothelial barrier dysfunction.

Pertussis toxin directly activates endothelial cell p42/p44 MAP kinases via a novel signaling pathway.

Bordetella pertussis generates a bacterial toxin utilized in signal transduction investigation because of its ability to ADP ribosylate specific G proteins. We previously noted that pertussis toxin (PTX) directly activates endothelial cells, resulting in disruption of monolayer integrity and intercellular gap formation via a signaling pathway that involves protein kinase C (PKC). We studied the effect of PTX on the activity of the 42- and 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), members of a kinase family known to be activated by PKC. PTX caused a rapid time-dependent increase in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell ERK activity that was significantly attenuated by 1) pharmacological inhibition of MEK, the upstream ERK activating kinase, 2) an MEK dominant-negative construct, and 3) PKC inhibition with bisindolylmaleimide. There was little evidence for the involvement of either Gbetagamma-subunits, Ras GTPases, Raf-1, p60(src), or phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinases in PTX-mediated ERK activation. Both the purified beta-oligomer binding subunit of the PTX holotoxin and a PTX holotoxin mutant genetically engineered to eliminate intrinsic ADP ribosyltransferase activity completely reproduced PTX effects on ERK activation, suggesting that PTX-induced ERK activation involves a novel PKC-dependent signaling mechanism that is independent of either Ras or Raf-1 activities and does not require G protein ADP ribosylation.

Role of ras-dependent ERK activation in phorbol ester-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction.

The treatment of endothelial cell monolayers with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a direct protein kinase C (PKC) activator, leads to disruption of endothelial cell monolayer integrity and intercellular gap formation. Selective inhibition of PKC (with bisindolylmaleimide) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs; with PD-98059, olomoucine, or ERK antisense oligonucleotides) significantly attenuated PMA-induced reductions in transmonolayer electrical resistance consistent with PKC- and ERK-mediated endothelial cell barrier regulation. An inhibitor of the dual-specificity ERK kinase (MEK), PD-98059, completely abolished PMA-induced ERK activation. PMA also produced significant time-dependent increases in the activity of Raf-1, a Ser/Thr kinase known to activate MEK ( approximately 6-fold increase over basal level). Similarly, PMA increased the activity of Ras, which binds and activates Raf-1 ( approximately 80% increase over basal level). The Ras inhibitor farnesyltransferase inhibitor III (100 microM for 3 h) completely abolished PMA-induced Raf-1 activation. Taken together, these data suggest that the sequential activation of Ras, Raf-1, and MEK are involved in PKC-dependent endothelial cell barrier regulation.

[Synaptonemal complexes of the A- and B-chromosomes of the spermatocytes from the East Asian mouse Apodemus peninsulae]. / Sinaptonemnye kompleksy A- i B-khromosom spermatotsitov vostochno-aziatskoi myshi Apodemus peninsulae.

The analysis of whole-mount preparations of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) from surface-spread spermatocytes of A. peninsulae (2n = 48A + 1, 2, ... 12 B) had revealed SCs of 23 autosomal bivalents, sex bivalent XY, axial cores and SCs of the B-chromosomes. The intercellular and interindividual variability of the number of B-chromosomes varied from 1 to 12 per cell. The SCs of autosomal bivalents were shown to have a typical structure. The structure and behaviour of SCs of sex bivalent throughout meiotic prophase I appeared to be similar to those observed in other species of this order. Mainly B-univalents and less frequently B-bivalents containing SCs were found to be formed in meiotic prophase I. The full homologues appear to be rarely seen among B-chromosomes of the East-Asiatic mouse. A tendency of forming clusters of B-univalents near the sex bivalent was found, in addition to B-bivalents with lateral elements, having the form of bi- and tri-stranded elements with rare synaptic fragments. Besides this, the SCs of the autosomes of pachytene cells were found to contain structures resembling the recombination nodules.

Synaptonemal complex analysis of B-chromosome behavior in meiotic prophase I in the East-Asiatic mouse Apodemus peninsulae (Muridae, Rodentia).

The mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of four male East-Asiatic mice, Apodemus peninsulae, having three to seven chromosomes in addition to the standard karyotype (2n = 48), were investigated. B-chromosomes were represented by medium-sized metacentric and dotlike chromosomes. Mosaicism of bone marrow cells due to a numerical variation of accessory chromosomes was established for the males examined. Capacity of B-chromosomes to form axial elements and synaptonemal complexes in meiotic prophase I was revealed by electron microscopy. The occurrence of univalents of different morphology, bivalents, and multivalents, corresponding to B-chromosomes, was demonstrated. An increase in the number of B-chromosomes was found in spermatocytes at zygotene-pachytene relative to the number in bone marrow cells, which may be evidence of B-chromosome accumulation in the germ cell line of the East-Asiatic mouse.